What are the students

Brittany a great Listener, She always has a positive attitude, she looks at you when your speaking, gives gestures, and acknowledges you while your speaking. She's always alert and respectfully to questions In a conversation. She offers feedback and she's great at making constructive correctly sound â€Å"nice†. 2. What are the student's 3 (three) major â€Å"communication weaknesses? † Brittany Really doesn't have any weaknesses when it comes to communication, but if there is a problem in our allegations she will rather text then talk.I find that a minor weakness, because our generation would rather talk than work issues out in person. Questions to be answered by you the student 1 . How did this activity help you with your communication strengths and weakness? This activity gave positive and negative opinions on my communication skills and they were very beneficial. One thing I can say is when I communicate with family and friends set aside from having to communicate a t work or In class I would rather text then talk on the phone or In person and maybe that has become a weakness when It moms to my communication skills.Other than that I am comfortable with his opinions on my strengths when it comes to communication. 2. Did this actively bring to surface some issues you should be concerned about? Yes, this activity did bring to surface some issues, only because like I said in my other response I'll text before I actually pick up the phone, or ill text if there's a situation I want to discuss with my significant other. My overall approach will be less testing, and Just start communication with certain people more in person. What are the students By Brittanyhackett2010 .What are the student's 3 (three) major â€Å"communication strengths? † Britain's a alert and responsibility to questions in a conversation. She offers feedback and she's great at making constructive criticism sound â€Å"nice†. 2. What are the student's 3 friends set asi de from having to communicate at work or in class I would rather text then talk on the phone or in person and maybe that has become a weakness when it comes to my communication skills. Other than that I am comfortable with his opinions on my strengths when it comes to communication.

The Search for Sustainable Fibre/Fabric Alternatives

THE SEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE FIBRE/FABRIC ALTERNATIVES TEXTILE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT & ENGINEERING (MANU 2091) Abstract: An attempt to find two alternatives for cotton and nylon respectively that is sustainable within the scope of the chosen apparel BY PRIYA PISHU HASSARAM S3351376 LECTURER: CHRIS WATSON 05TH SEPTEMBER 2012 MINOR ASSESSMENT REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper delves in to the performance characteristics of fibres within chosen apparel and the sustainable replacements for these fibres.In particular, the document explores various questions relating to the subject including: (1) what are the performance characteristics for each fibre in general and chosen apparel? , (2) how is it suitable as an alternative to the fibre? , (3) In what ways are the performance characteristics of fibre’s different from each other? Today, we can look at the textile industry through the lens of sustainability. At present, the textiles industry is one of the highest in contributing towards landfill. The two most commonly used textiles fibre’s; cotton and nylon both causes serious environmental problems in their life cycle.Therefore, the report focuses on the aspect of sustainability within the fibre as replacements for cotton and nylon within the chosen apparel. The work is divided into two parts, Part A addresses cotton and Part B addresses nylon. In specific a women’s underwear is the chosen apparel for cotton and the two possible replacements for that product are banana fibre and hemp. The replacement fibres are more comfortable, have better breathability, moisture absorbency, much lower in cost and 100% biodegradable in comparison to cotton which is essential performance characteristics needed for women’s underwear being a sensitive piece of apparel.However, for nylon, the apparel used is an outdoor men’s jacket. The sustainable alternatives for nylon are tencel and aerogel. The replacement fibres are chosen because they are biodegrada ble, have a good level of strength, abrasion resistant and high in insulation properties; all requirements for an outdoor jacket. The textile industry should adopt a responsible attitude towards the environment and natural resources. Therefore, further development in sustainable production especially with fibres is highly recommended. These suggested replacements should be taken into consideration when producing apparel in the future.Support from all parts of the textile industry is needed to build an eco-friendly and sustainable world. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 PART A – NATURAL FIBRE (COTTON) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Cotton History/Background †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Cotton structure and characteristics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Properties †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Advantages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Disadvantages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Unique to Cotton †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CHOSEN APPAREL CHARACTERISTICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Women’s Underwear †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Cotton’s role in the chosen apparel – Women’s Underwear †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 REPLACEMENT FIBRE FOR COTTON IN WOMEN’S UNDERWEAR †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Banana Fibre †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Banana fibre â₠¬â€œ alternative for cotton in women’s underwear †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Hemp †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Hemp – alternative for cotton in women’s underwear †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 COMPARISON BETWEEN BANANA FIBRE AND HEMP WITH COTTON †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 PART B – MANMADE FIBRE (NYLON) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Nylon Structure & Characteristics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Properties †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Advantages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 Disadvantages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Unique to Nylon †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 CHOSEN APPAREL CHARACTERISTICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Outdoor Jacket †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 REPLACEMENT FIBRE FOR NYLON IN MEN’S OUTDOOR JACKET †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 Tencel †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Tencel – alternative for nylon in Men’s Outdoor Jacket†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 Aerogel †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 Aerogels – alternative for nylon in Men’s Outdoor Jacket †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 COMPARISON BETWEEN TENCEL FIBRE AND AEROGEL WITH NYLON †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 CONCLUSION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 RECOMMENDATIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 REFERENCES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 29 Books & Journals †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 29 Websites †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 31 INTRODUCTIONWith increasing concerns regarding the effect the textile industry is having on the environment, more and more textile researchers, producers and manufacturers are looking to biodegradable and sustainable fibres as an effective way of reducing the harm disposed textiles have on the environment. (Blackburn,2009) Therefore, the purpose of this work is to explore sustainability issues in fashion and textiles. It identifies the performance characteristics and discusses this from the perspective of the sustainable fibre or fabric alternatives for two major textiles in apparel; cotton and nylon.The study will be carried out in two parts. Part A will discuss the sustainable alternatives for cotton and Part B will discuss the sustainable alternatives for nylon. An apparel is chosen for each fibre respectively. For the cotton fibre, the apparel chosen is women’s underwear and for the nylon fibre the apparel chosen is outdoor men’s jacket. The replacement fibre’s that will be discussed are banana fibre and hemp for cotton while tencel and aerogel as an alternative to nylon. In addition, a detailed analysis of the performance characteristics will be done for eac h replacement fibres.Following to this, a comparison of the two replacement fibres against cotton and polyester will be done bearing in mind the environmental considerations. While this report is about specific types of apparel, it is relevant to anyone who is interested in taking action and cultivating change towards sustainability. The aim is to show that there are options of different ways in which we can go about building long lasting environmental and social quality through the use of more sustainable fibres. 1|PagePART A – NATURAL FIBRE (COTTON) Cotton History/Background Cotton is the most prevalent fiber in the world that has helped shape the history of the world by clothing and protecting countless civilizations and adventurers from the effects of nature. According to a recent article in textile world, cotton claims a 36-percent share of the textile fibers market (Textileworld, 2011). Cotton is grown in more than 100 countries in the world and valued at some $30 billi on US dollars (Anandjiwala, 2007).Cotton requires a sunny environment with moderate rainfall and little frost making the potential of growth in developing countries India, China, Pakistan as well as developed countries such as United States (Anandjiwala, 2007). Cotton is a natural cellulosic fiber, comes from a renewable resource, and is intrinsically biodegradable. Therefore, many consumers believe it is an environmentally responsible product (Chen & Burns, 2006). Renowned for its breathability, comfort, absorbent qualities, strength and versatility, which make it the fiber of choice for numerous apparel articles plus bed sheets, towels and a range of other textile products.This quality also enables cotton fabric to be dyed easily, making it a natural choice for designers. Cotton fabric is available in a plentitude of varieties, such as supremely soft and luxurious Sea Island and Pima cotton, rugged and durable corduroy, industrial strength canvas, light voile and organdy, as well as lustrous sateen and velvet. 2|Page Cotton fabric is also a hugely popular choice for undergarments: it naturally wicks away moisture while retaining breathability. Cotton does not require the maintenance like silk or other fabrics: it does not need to be dry-cleaned and will not be ruined in a rainstorm.However, because the cotton fibers are so porous, shrinkage of the material is a possibility. Cotton structure and characteristics Cotton is a natural cellulosic fibre, meaning that it is vegetable based. Of the vegetable based fibres, cotton can be sub-categorized as a seed-based fibre. This is because cotton fibres grow as hairs on the seed of the cotton plant, Gossypium (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). The fibre is a single plant cell and the structure of the cell is complex (Hatch, 1993). The pod in which the fibres grow is known as a boll.When it reaches maturity (about the size of a walnut), it is harvested and processed. Cotton has a hard and stiff handle. Properties Cotton is cons idered a medium-strength fibre and becomes up to 30% stronger when wet (Kadolph, 2007). Cotton has low elasticity with an elongation capacity of 3% (Kadolph, 2007) Cotton has good moisture absorbency, with natural moisture content of 7% and 21% absorption before dampness can be felt (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). This means that static build-up is low (Kadolph, 2007). A high level of heat conductivity in cotton allows heat to be drawn away from the fibres (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003).Cotton has good resistance to sunlight. Any garment fading is usually due to the quality of the dyestuff and not the cotton fibre (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Cotton is highly resistant to alkalis, though conversely, considerably weakened by acids, particularly strong, inorganic acids (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Organic solvents have no harmful effect (Collier, Bide & Tortora, 2009). 3|Page Advantages Due to its increased strength when wet, it withstands tearing or ripping during laundering (Humphries, 2009) and other ro ugh handling.Because of its inelastic nature, cotton articles should retain their shape (Gore & Vilensky, 2003). High moisture absorbency makes it suitable for use in hot and humid climates. The moisture passes freely through the fabric, aiding evaporation and cooling, making it highly comfortable (Kadolph, 2007). High heat conductivity allows wearers to feel cool in warm weather. It also allows for easy ironing with a hot iron. It is easily sterilised with steam, which has little effect on the fibre (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Due to high sunlight resistance, cotton items can be easily dried in the sun.Because of its high resistance to alkalis, cotton can be easily washed due to the alkaline nature of soaps and detergents (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Disadvantages Low elongation capacity and elastic recovery means that if over-stretched, fibres may not fully recover (Collier, Bide & Tortora, 2009), causing them to go ‘baggy’ (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). It can only recover 75% fr om a 2-5% stretch (Kadolph, 2007). Low resiliency also adds to the wrinkling and creasing nature of cotton garments. A weak internal force within the fibres means creates an inability to pull molecular chains back into original positions (Kadolph, 2007) after pressure.High moisture absorbency causes cotton to be slow-drying. Cotton oxidises in sunlight, causing whites and pastel colours to turn yellow (Kadolph, 2007). Extended exposure in the sun can weaken and deteriorate fabrics (Collier, Bide & Tortora, 2009). Some cotton articles can be susceptible to shrinkage during washing. The agitation of the laundering process causes the fibres to pack in more closely together. Because this is an irreversible process, pre-shrunk fabrics can be bought and used for cotton products (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). 4|PageIn damp, warm and dark conditions, cotton can be prone to biological attack by mould and bacteria. This causes the fibres to weaken and can be destroyed by rotting. If caught early, i t can be removed easily by laundering, though stains may persist (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). They may also be attacked by silverfish, particularly if they are heavily starched (Collier, Bide & Tortora, 2009). Unique to Cotton Cotton can undergo a chemical finish called mercerization, where sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or liquid ammonia (NH3) is used to treat the fibre.This causes a permanent physical change in which the fibres swell, changing its cross-section from kidney-shaped to a rounder, more circular one. This increases the absorbency and improves the dyeability of cotton yarns and fabrics (Kadolph, 2007). The new shape of the fibres give mercerised cotton a distinct soft lustre. 5|Page CHOSEN APPAREL CHARACTERISTICS Women’s Underwear Panties, regardless of the cut and style and the fabric they are made of, are basic items to be found in a woman's lingerie drawer.There are different kinds of panties out there and women do have their preferences as to what type of panties to wea r. Some women own different types to wear for different outfits and different occasions, while some opt for just one or two types and stick to them. Determining your proper panty fit requires knowledge of two components: waist measurement and hip measurement. The hardest part about purchasing lingerie that fits well and looks good, is knowing what to look for. There are so many choices in fabric, style and size to choose from today.Therefore, the apparel chosen for this part of the study is women’s underwear. In specific, one of the most comfortable women’s underwear; cotton French cut panty with 83% cotton/ 17% spandex, fabric content. There are no side seams making the panties extra comfortable. The French cut waistband resists the urge to bunch or fall down. It is also flattering hi cut legs for moderate front coverage. The french cut underwear rises to natural waistline providing full back coverage. 6|Page Cotton’s role in the chosen apparel – Womenâ €™s Underwear The best fabric choice for panties for health reasons is cotton.The reason is that panties with a cotton crotch breathe more naturally. Cotton, not only allows for air circulation but also has good moisture absorbency with natural moisture content of 7% and 21% absorption before dampness can be felt (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003 and the cure book). This means, perspiration is absorbed well making cotton is the best fabric choice for athletic activities. Cotton also has a soft and natural appearance as well has the wicking element keeping your skin dry (Anandjiwala, 2007). Cotton panties are often reasonably priced, last for a while and are comfortable.In addition to that, cotton has no tendency to provoke an allergic reaction as it is a â€Å"non-allergenic† fibre making it suitable for anyone to wear (Anandjiwala, 2007). Garments made out of cotton can be tossed in the washer with little worry because it withstands tearing or ripping during laundering (Humphries, 2009) and other rough handling. Cotton underwear with lycra or spandex keeps its shape the best. Many manufacturers now offer cotton panties in colors, prints and even dress them up with ribbons and lace. REPLACEMENT FIBRE FOR COTTON IN WOMEN’S UNDERWEARAs a product developer, answers to the questions below could help to demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics required in the fibre replacements for a women’s underwear. Will it be as comfortable in general and at the most important area of the panty which is the crotch? Can it conform to the body lines yet not restrain body movements? Will the replacement fibre compromise the fit of the underwear? Is there a change the requirements in wash care? Does the replacement fibre have resistants to shrinkage? 7|Page Can a fashion element be added to garment if the fibre has changed?What are the possible benefits of replacing cotton with another fibre? We ignore many wonderful natural products which have potentiality to become useful textile but were never tried seriously. Considering textile from natural resources the consumption is increasing in such a galloping rate that even renewable resources are becoming nonrenewable. The method of manufacturing textile in the modern era causes pollution to considerable extent. The composites containing plant fibres are important because of their renewable nature, low cost and amenability to chemical and mechanical modifications (Kiruthika, Priyadarzini & Veluraja, 2012).Manufacture of synthetic fibres also causes pollution. For this reason, there is a need to search for non-conventional renewable resource for textile to give an effective solution. Plant fibers have been used for making paper and clothing for a long time and the need for use of natural fibres has increased greatly. Among natural fibres, 90 per cent are of vegetable origin and among them 80 per cent is constituted by cotton and the remaining by other long vegetable fibres like flax, jute, hemp, sisal, ramie, coir, abaca, banana and pineapple fibres.They are classified as minor fibres (Kiruthika, Priyadarzini & Veluraja, 2012). However, this study will demonstrate two of the major fibre’s; banana fibre and hemp as an alternative to cotton in women’s underwear. 8|Page Banana Fibre The bananas or the plantains are essentially hot climate plants. Their original home is said to be the tropical forests of Asia. The plant gives fibre for manufacturing textiles, its leaves are used as plates to serve food besides of course many medicinal virtues in India. The plant grows easily of its own as it sets young shoots.All varieties of banana trees abound in fibres. In fact almost each and every part of this plant gives fibres of various strength, colour, beauty and staple length thus, can be used for various purposes. In the leaf sheaths, coarse and strong fibres are found on the outer ones, fine and silky in the inner most ones and those of the middling quality in the intermediate ones The core, from the roots to the point of its emergence from the covering of the false stem contains an extremely white fine fibre, soft, lustrous and can be processed on jute machinery (Chand, Tiwary & Rohatgi, 1988).The fruit stems contain fibres of a rough variety, while the midribs of the leaves yield a fibre of exceptional strength and durability when properly processed. Individual cells in banana fibres are relatively longer and therefore these sources can produce long fibres (Reddy & Yang, 2005). 9|Page The outer sheaths produce the coarsest fibre. Very often they are very brittle and break at the slightest jerk. The practice is to reject two or three of the outer sheaths. The innermost two or three of the sheaths are also rejected because of the percentage of pulpy matter they contain.Only the intermediate sheaths are exploited for the purpose of fibres (Kulkarni, 1983). About 37 kg (average weight) of stem yields about 1 kg of good quality fibre. The yi eld is about 1-1. 5% of dry fibre. The fibre obtained from the central core is of lower quality. The fresh banana plant yields about 0. 61. 0% of fibre, depending on the variety and method of extraction used. The low cost mechanical device can extract 15 to 20 kg of fibre from the banana waste as compared to 500 g a day by the laborious manual process (Kiruthika, Priyadarzini & Veluraja, 2012).The inherent drawback of banana fibre is its poor quality and higher irregularity, owing to the multi-cellular nature of the fibres. The individual cells are cemented with lignin and hemicellulose and thus form a composite fibre. Banana fibre is classified as medium quality fibre and performs very well in combination with other fibres for making fine articles like handicrafts, currency, etc (The Hindu, 2011). The stronger fibres are ideal for cordages while the weaker white inner fibres are best suited for value added fancy items.They are being produced and exported in India from Kerala and is suitable for manufacturing strings, ropes, cords, cables and ship building thread (Kulkarni, AG, Satyanarayana, Rohatgi & Vijayan,1983). It can also be used to make sacks and packing fabrics as well as mats and rugs. Due to high cellulose and low lignin content, its use in the paper industry to make tissue, filters, specialty nonwoven, document, printing, surgical and hygienic applications, coffee bags, meat casings and more(Kulkarni, AG, Satyanarayana, Rohatgi & Vijayan,1983). Banana Fibre can be used as fibre to manufacture fabrics.It is being used for making bags, table mats, ropes and twines (The Hindu, 2011). The fibre can be powdered and different colours of fibre obtained using natural dyes, which can be made into beautiful pictures. It can be blended 10 | P a g e with other natural fibres or synthetic fibres without any problem to produce large varieties of garments from this fibre. It has good strength and has silk like luster (AsiaPulse News, 25 Aug 2008). It can partly r eplace cotton fibre and hence we can estimate potential for it on the line of estimating demand for cotton fibre.It may be noted that good quality Banana fibre is having strength and luster like silk and in the Philippines various garments are already manufactured from Banana fibres (AsiaPulse News, 25 Aug 2008). Apart from it, Philippines is exporting huge quantity of readymade garments like shirts, kimonos, gowns, nightwear and more. The banana fibres were reported to be elegant and highly versatile. As they do not crumple easily, these fibres have been used in the manufacture of dress materials. The fineness of texture depends on the quality of the fibre used.The material has a beautiful sheen and is used for making wedding gowns and barongs. Hand-extracted fibres have been used to produce handbags, wall hangings, table mats and other fancy articles. The composite material prepared by using banana fibres is purely biodegradable, renewable, non-toxic and potential user-friendly ma terial (Kiruthika, Priyadarzini & Veluraja, 2012). Banana fibre – alternative for cotton in women’s underwear The benefits of wearing banana fibre underwear go beyond the comfort of the fibre.Banana fibre has other unique and amazing properties not found in other fabrics. Banana fibre characteristically enjoys good luster, is lightweight and offers strong moisture absorption which are all necessary performance characteristics needed in underwear. Besides that, the banana fibre is a completely natural fabric, being made from the bark of the banana plant. Also, banana, being a relatively easy fiber to spin, provides the soft, smooth and extremely comfortable result people have come to expect from top quality underwear brands. 1 | P a g e In fact banana fibre has come to be recognized as one of the most comfortable eco friendly fibres ever made, setting the standard high for sustainable fabrics. Since banana fibre is fully origin natural product, it has very good compatib ility with other natural fibres like cotton, coir, pineapple fibres and jute in blending (Fibre to fashion, 2009). Banana fibres are naturally hypoallergenic and is pesticide free; making it the perfect solution for anyone with sensitive, or allergy prone skin.It can be blended with cotton or viscose fibre to produce blended fabric. Banana fibre can also be dyed easily like other natural fibres and cloth made from it can also be dyed and printed like cotton cloth. They do not shrink and the colour doesn't fade after a wash (Times of India, 23 May 2009). It also has exceptional strength and durability when properly processed. The banana fibre also plays a major role in environmental and economic sustainability as it is biodegradable; the textiles are produce from the waste of the plant and do not require much effort to grow. Dr.Rajan P Nachane, Principle Scientist and Head, Quality Evaluation & Improvement Division of Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, says, â€Å" Being completely biodegradable and naturally occurring, the banana fibre products are expected to be in great demand in the international markets as they pose no toxic effects to man and the environment† (Fibre to Fashion, 2009). Recently in 2010, an Australian brand by the name of â€Å"AussieBum† has been the first brand to have used banana fibre in men's underwear; therefore it can be used for women’s underwear as well (PR Newswire, 2010).There are many countries now venturing in to banana fibre to manufacture textiles including India, Japan, Africa and China. 12 | P a g e Aussiebum Advertisement for banana fibre underwear for men Hemp Hemp fiber has been used by mankind to make textiles dating back to the stone age, â€Å"defined by Shultes in 1970 as a green, very abundant and ubiquitous plant, economically valuable and possibly dangerous† (Mussig, Jorg; Stevens, Christian, 2010).While the fiber is one of the most valuable parts of the hemp plant ,com monly referred to as Bast used in the creation of textiles, industrial hemp has a wide range of uses including to paper, cordage, bio-fuel, health food and biodegradable plastics. 13 | P a g e Unlike cotton, hemp requires virtually no chemicals like pesticides, herbicides (Miraftab et al, 2007). It is can be grown practically anywhere from northern latitudes to tropical climates and is naturally resistant to most pests and grows very densely (Mussig, Jorg; Stevens, Christian, 2010).From a cost perspective, hemp is less expensive to farm because of its minimal growth requirements. The valuable bast fibers, which give the plant its strength, are contained within the hollow wood-like core of the plants stalk under the outer most bark and runs the length of the plant anywhere from 3 to 15 ft long (Kadolph, 2010). The primary fibers average 8†³ in length and can be spun or woven into a fine linen-like type fabric. These fibers are now commonly blended with other fibers such as flax, cotton, wool, linen or silk. Hemp can be weaved as intricately as lace, smooth as silk or as coarse as burlap (Global Hemp, 2000).Modern hemp blends created today for the garment industry are cool to touch and comfortable to wear. While hemp garments are often comparatively more expensive than those made from cotton due to higher processing costs and limited quantities, its superiority is clear. One of the most commonly known attributes about hemp fiber is its exceptional tensile strength (Anandjiwala, 2007). In addition, the fiber is naturally antimicrobial and resistant to ultraviolet light as well as mold, mildew, heat and insects which makes it excellent for outdoor wear.The fiber is not only many times more durable than cotton but warmer, softer and more water absorbent. This also makes hemp more absorbent to dyes and thus less prone to fading. Hemp garments can be dyed or left in a â€Å"natural† state, which means no dye at all. When left un-dyed, garments come in var ying shades of beige which is the natural color of the hemp fibers after processing. The primary countries supplying hemp to the US include China, Hungary, Thailand, Romania and Chile with production coming from other nations including Australia, England, Canada and New Zealand as well. 4 | P a g e Hemp – alternative for cotton in women’s underwear The advantages of hemp as a replacement for women’s cotton underwear are numerous. Hemp’s fibers are longer and stronger than cotton, each hemp fiber is a foot long or greater, compared to two to four inches for the best cotton fibers. What’s more, hemp fibers are hollow like linen, which means that it breathes and cools as well as linen and better than cotton, yet is more durable and stronger than cotton which fits the bill as performance characteristic required in underwear.Moreover, fabrics made from hemp do not compromise human health or the environment in their production as it requires far less wat er, fertilizer and pesticides than cotton to grow. Besides that, hemp has excellent insulating properties that keep you warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Hemp fibers actually soften with each washing without fiber degradation, hence a longer wash care life cycle. Hemp production uses significantly less chemicals than cotton which makes it more sustainable and naturally more suitable for people with chemical sensitivities.The fiber is completely biodegradable, holds its shape as good as polyester but also has breathability. Eco-friendly methods of both dyeing and finishing have been developed for this fibre as well. Famous Levi Strauss used a light weight hemp canvas for its original pair of jeans. Since that time, hemp has been used to make many types of garments and accessories. Big names such as Patagonia, Adidas, Calvin Klein, Giorgio Armani and Ralph Lauren have recently marketed products made from hemp. Hemp is a miraculous fibre, it is a sustainable, easily renewable resource and is used for food, clothing, energy and more (Miraftab et al, 2007). 5 | P a g e COMPARISON BETWEEN BANANA FIBRE AND HEMP WITH COTTON Properties Fibre: Length Fineness Handle Strength Wrinkle recovery Drape Luster Moisture absorbency Thermal properties Wash care stability General durability General comfort Breathability Non-allergenic Relative cost Biodegradability Cultivation properties: Water consumption Harvest frequency Cotton Short staple fibre Banana Fibre Hemp Medium to very long staple fibre Very fine to coarse Very soft to medium, cool Strong to Very Strong Poor to Fair Fair Poor Very Good Very Good Very Good Good Good Excellent Yes Low Excellent degradationMedium to long staple fibre Fine Fine to coarse Medium to hard, Soft to medium, cool cool Strong to Very Strong Strong Poor Poor to Fair Poor Good Poor Good Good Good Fair Good Good Good Yes Low Slow degradation Very Good Good Good Good Good Excellent Yes Low Excellent degradation High Once a year Low As many throughout year Almost none Requires humidity Low times the Twice a year Almost none Can be grown under any weather conditions Makes the soil fertile and cultivable for other crops 16 | P a g e Chemicals and High Pesticides Growing conditions Requires humidityAffects on land No crop rotation of growth No crop rotation PART B – MANMADE FIBRE (NYLON) Nylon Structure & Characteristics Nylon is a man-made fibre, made from synthetic polymers. It is also known as polyamide because it belongs to the family of amide compounds (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). It is melt-spun. Nylon is available in multifilament, monofilament, staple and tow (untwisted bundle) varieties. Nylon fibres are transparent unless they have been delustred or dyed (Kadolph, 2007). Nylon gives a medium to hard handle (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003).Properties Nylon has excellent strength, though it may lose up to 20% strength when wet, though this usually has no effect on garments as the fibre is so strong. It could be conside red one of the strongest fibres (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003, Kadolph, 2007). Nylon has excellent abrasion resistance. Nylon has high elastic recovery and high elongation. It can fully recover from an 8% stretch, and 91% from a 16% stretch, immediately (Kadolph, 2007). Whilst having the highest moisture absorbency of the synthetic fibres, it is not very hydrophobic. It has natural moisture content between 2. -5%, and can absorb up to 7% before feeling damp (Kadolph, 2007, Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Nylon is an insulator of heat. 17 | P a g e Nylon is an incredibly light fibre (Kadolph, 2007). Nylon is resistant to alkalis though may yellow with repeated exposure. Nylon is not resistant to acids (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Resistance to sunlight is fair to good but prolonged exposure to sunlight is not advisable as it can weaken fibres. Nylon is resistant to biological attack by insects and fungi, though food soil on carpets may attract insects, and fungal growth may appear on soiled articles in humid conditions (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003, Kadolph, 2007).Advantages Excellent abrasion resistance allows nylon articles to be durable and resilient, and resistant to pilling, shedding, fading, abrasion, soil and stains. High elasticity and elongation of nylon allow it to have very good wrinkle recovery, making it an excellent fibre for hosiery type uses. It also adds to minimise the appearance of bagginess or excessive garment distortion (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). It also has contributes utility in carpets where fibres need to spring back after compression, meaning traffic paths do not develop quickly (Kadolph, 2007).Its low moisture absorbency allows nylon garments to be quick drying. Slight wrinkles in garments disappear on wearing from body heat (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Nylon can be heat-set due to its thermoplastic nature, meaning permanent pleats, creases and embossed designs can be made (Kadolph, 2007). Heat-setting and the low-absorbency of nylon means that shrinkage is low (Ka dolph, 2007). The lightness of nylon combined with its strength, makes nylon an appropriate fibre for action wear and sports gear (Kadolph, 2007).Alkaline resistance leads to easy-care of the garments (Kadolph, 2007). Nylon is dry-cleanable (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). 18 | P a g e Disadvantages Low moisture absorbency means that nylon can become transparent when wet (with perspiration), and clammy in warm, humid conditions (Kadolph, 2007), making it uncomfortable to wear unless worn over an absorbent-fibred article. It also means that static electricity is readily generated (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Prolonged laundering above hot temperatures and repeated ironing can yellow nylon (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003).One must take care when laundering under hot temperatures as nylon’s heat-setting ability can manifest permanent wrinkles which are impossible to remove without causing some fabric distortion (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Nylon’s low resistance to acids can cause yellowing due t o deterioration and dulling of colour. This can occur from industrial air pollution or from perspiration. Bleaching accelerates yellowing in nylon (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Unique to Nylon During spinning, different shapes can be extruded through the spinneret, giving nylon fibres different, sometimes more natural, qualities.The regular cross-section shape of nylon is round. Non-round fibres (such as trilobal, pentalobal and voided fibres) are used generally for upholstery and carpets as round fibres reveal soil and look dirty very quickly, therefore giving products a clean look, even if soiled. This is because non-round shapes are able to scatter the light to hide soil, and also duplicates the matte luster of wool and other natural fibres (Kadolph, 2007). 19 | P a g e CHOSEN APPAREL CHARACTERISTICS Outdoor Jacket Outdoor Jackets, is generally an apparel to be found in a man’s wardrobe especially in cool climate countries or those who are active in sports.There are different k inds of outdoor jackets out there for different purposes. Some men do have their preferences as to what type of jackets to wear. Some men own different types jackets to wear for different purposes, while some opt for just one or two types of common ones and stick to them. Determining the correct outdoor jacket requires some knowledge regarding fabrics and apparel accessories for different weather conditions and sports. The hardest part about purchasing an outdoor jacket is getting the right kind of jacket for the right purpose without worrying about the elements during the sport or weather condition.There are so many choices in fabric, style and size to choose from today. Therefore, the apparel chosen for this part of the study is men’s outdoor jacket. In specific, one of the most common multipurpose men’s outdoor jacket; consisting of 100% nylon fabric content. The jacket has a thermal reflective lining that boosts your body’s heat retention 20 | P a g e keepin g you warm. It comes complete with an adjustable storm hood, draw cord hem and venting zips, making it perfect for outdoor adventures in adverse conditions.REPLACEMENT FIBRE FOR NYLON IN MEN’S OUTDOOR JACKET Nylon is used in this apparel as it is an exceptionally strong material, with low-absorbency and elastic characteristics. It can be dyed easily and is simple to wash, a big plus for outdoor wear. This resilient fabric is very typical in the outerwear market; again, despite its many benefits, a supplementary coating is often added to nylon fabrics to increase their protective capabilities. Like polyester, nylon is woven into different material weights, which is indicated by a gauge measurement (ie. 80g polyester).The waterproof/breathability rating issued by the manufacturer is the easiest way to determine whether a particular jacket will work under your desired conditions (Kadolph, 2010). It has some level of water-resistance. To ensure that there aren't even the slightes t holes made by stitching the fabric together, manufacturers usually seal the seams of the garments to prevent any moisture from creeping in to the most exposed areas of the garment: the shoulders, arms and side seams on jackets. Critically taped seams are good enough under most conditions, though fully taped seams will offer the highest amount of protection to the earer under the foulest conditions. Windproof or wind-resistant fabrics are made by weaving the fibers of the material extra tightly to prevent wind from penetrating the garment and reaching the wearer (Lyle,1982). 21 | P a g e Tencel Tencel is a natural, manmade fibre made from eucalyptus wood pulp from sustainable tree farms, which is also referred to as lyocell The wood pulp is processed in a non? toxic organic solvent solution that is reclaimed and recycled in a closed? loop spinning process that conserves energy and water. Up to 99 percent of the solvent is recovered and reused (Kadolph, 2010).Furthermore, the proces s by which the fibers are made into fabric is environment friendly, 100% biodegradable. Tencel fabric is an astonishing eco friendly fabric making the landmark in the development of environmentally sustainable textiles. Tencel textiles are created though the use of nanotechnology in an award-winning closed-loop process that recovers or decomposes all solvents and emissions (Mak et al, 2006). The advantage of Tencel clothing is the variety and exceptional comfort you can experience. The main benefit of clothing made from this unique fabric is the moisture and temperature control it offers to the wearer.Wood pulp is naturally designed to absorb moisture for the tree’s survival; the fibers that are made into cloth do the same. Furthermore, these versatile Tencel fibers blend well with other fibers such as wool and cotton to create textiles more durable, soft, and moisture controlling than man-made fibers. Tencel clothing provides maximum comfort whether indoors or outdoors. Tenc el is an especially smooth fiber, and has softness comparable to cotton and silk. 22 | P a g e The nanofibrils can also be altered to create fabrics that feel like suede, silk, denim, or as though they had been treated for a peach-skin finish (Mak et al, 2006).Tencel – alternative for nylon in Men’s Outdoor Jacket There are many benefits of Tencel as a replacement for men’s outdoor jacket. According to recent dermatological studies, wearing clothing made of Tencel significantly improves comfort and promotes a feeling of well being (Diepgen, 2004). Also, Tencel is chemical free, an important factor for sensitive skin and people with allergies. The fabric pulls moisture directly from the skin and releases it into the air. Synthetic materials such as nylon do not take in moisture at all, but leave a film on the skin’s surface. Sports and outdoor textiles of 100% synthetic fibers can lead to higher skin and body temperatures and thus to a reduction in the ath lete’s performance. † (Lenzing website). While cotton absorbs moisture, Tencel is 1 ? times as absorbent. Moreover, it fibrillates during wet processing to produce special textures (Kadolph, 2010). Cotton and nylon can both leave moisture on the skin in humid weather; however Tencel does not, ensuring that bacteria will never get a chance to form between the fabric and the skin (Schuster et al, 2006). This makes Tencel a truly safe fabric for all skin types and even for babies.The fiber is economical in its use of energy and natural resources, and is fully biodegradable. †The use of Tencel improves the thermal insulation of outdoor clothing† (Lenzing website). The heat loss experienced in a cold environment is much lower in the side with Tencel than in the side containing only polyester or nylon which is a good performance characteristic needed for outdoor jackets. Waddings of Tencel can be warmer than those of polyester even with the same thickness. This gi ves more options in terms of garment styling, freedom of movement, as well as optimum wear comfort (Schuster et al, 2006). 3 | P a g e Aerogel Aerogel has exceptional physical properties such as extremely low thermal conductivity, low sound speeds, low dielectric constant and high optical transparency, which make its materials highly suitable for a wide variety of applications such as thermal insulation for extreme weather gear, space suits, cryogenic pipes, space shuttles and more (Technical Apparel, 2005). â€Å"Aerogels belong to a fascinating class of nanoporous materials derived by sol-gel technique which possess sophisticated potentialities for a range of applications† (Fricke, 1986). The term â€Å"aerogel† is composed of â€Å"air† and â€Å"gel†.A gel consists of two components, a gel scaffold and a filling medium. In case of the aerogel, the filler is simply air. Aerogel is manufactured by delicately removing the liquid from a silica alcogel by super-critical drying, replacing it with nothing but air, which makes up 99. 8% of the final product Some aerogels have a density as low as 0. 001 grams per cubic centimeter (Thermablok website). Aerogels are characterized by exceptional physical properties such as; extremely low thermal conductivity and weight, low sound speeds, low dielectric constant and high optical transparency (Fricke, 1986). High surface area porous materials from aerogels are of great importance especially as catalyst, catalyst supports, thermal insulators, sensors, filters, electrodes and burner materials† (Hermann et al,1995). Aerogels unique properties can be extremely helpful in designing flexible and lightweight insulation materials from textiles. The attractive energy absorbing properties of aerogels may lead to their use in various applications. 24 | P a g e Aerogels – alternative for nylon in Men’s Outdoor Jacket There are many advantages of using Aerogels as a replacement for men ’s outdoor jacket.Aerogel has the highest insulating performance, therefore can be used for the development of wide variety novel high performance products such as outdoor jackets (Thermablok website). It is a good property to have for protection from extreme cold weather conditions and keep the body warm. Aerogel is also has minimum weight and thickness allowing flexibility in fashion and design options. One of the extraordinary properties that he discovered was their very low thermal conductivity (Aerogel website). Aerogel also is a very durable fibre and can be washed in normal wash cycle and maintains performance under load. It is strong and flexible for emanding outdoor conditions (Hermann et al, 1995). The production and use of silica aerogels is environmentally benign. No significantly hazardous wastes are produced during their production. The disposal of silica aerogels is perfectly natural. In the environment, they quickly crush into a fine powder that is essentially identical to one of the most common substances on Earth, namely, sand. Additionally, silica aerogels are completely non-toxic and non-flammable. If they eventually find their way into widespread use as protective materials, they could eliminate a very large amount of unwanted plastic materials (Aerogel website). 5 | P a g e COMPARISON BETWEEN TENCEL FIBRE AND AEROGEL WITH NYLON Properties Strength Abrasion Moisture absorbency Insulation properties Thermal properties Wash care stability General durability General comfort Breathability Non-allergenic Biodegradability Nylon Good Resistant Poor Good Low Good Good Poor Fair No Not biodegradable Tencel Good Resistant Poor Good Moderate Fair Good Excellent Good Yes Aerogel Very good Resistant Poor Excellent Low Very good Excellent Excellent Good No Excellent degradation Excellent degradation 6 | P a g e CONCLUSION Man has always exploited the resources available to improve or develop their clothing. However, this report provides a new vie w to alternative textiles and the exciting breakthroughs that were made in creating fibres that not only have the performance characteristics but also to be more sustainable and environmentally sound. Throughout the report, compelling ideas of replacement fibres are suggested working towards a new fashion ethic. Fibres are a critical component in textiles.An increasing interest has develop recently about the raw materials sourcing and production by the consumers, brands and retailers. It covers all aspects from water consumption, land usage and relative environmental impact. Sustainability is a global megatrend; an essential attribute of today’s textile and clothing industry. Knowledge, skills and commitment are required in the process of transforming textile industry into more sustainable one. Use of Sustainable fibres in textiles is a part of this process and a step towards this milestone.Fibres like cotton and nylon fibres have a high consumption in energy and environment as well as landfill. Therefore, alternative options of fibres should be considered to incorporate issues that related to sustainability. Fibers suggested in the report such as banana fibre, hemp, tencel and aerogel are good for the planet because it is low in environmental impact. Some of the fibres have better performance characteristics than cotton and nylon. The damage which takes place during some of step for production of textiles for the apparel industry has also been discussed in the report.The use of these fibres in the apparel industry is rather limited. However, these fibres have potential to be used in fashion apparel and also other industries. Fashion is the name of change and change is the part of life. People’s desires and needs have no limits and companies are continuously striving to fulfill the consumer needs. Many fashion companies are working on this platform from hundreds of years, but technology and innovations change the company thinking and also surroun dings change the people trends and 27 | P a g e arieties of products born in comparison to both changes. Consumers are becoming aware of sustainable concerns and want sustainable products that work for environment. Many fashion companies are still working with conventional cotton products and making a lot of fashion products with multiple designs and colors. But these things are not workable for a long time. Customers are becoming aware day by day and want products that are good for their skin and bring comfort for them. And this learning makes customer aware about harmful and hazardous products they are using in their daily life.The future of textile industry will depend on the products that have reduced environmental and social burdens during their entire product life cycle. A part of this is the introduction of sustainable materials that will reduce these impacts during their growth and processing. And this report will provide fashion companies good knowledge of sustainable fiber s (the raw material for their products) and brief description about their properties to support the use of these fibers in their product that will serve the society as well as environment. RECOMMENDATIONS 1.The report is an option for textile companies or retailers to consider options available to them to make informed decisions on alternative fibre choices for the selected apparel. 2. Some of the alternative fibres have new and unique elements that can be beneficial in the terms of design, fashion and functionability that can be considered 3. Textile companies or retailers as well as brands are only focusing on creating ecofriendly textiles with organic cotton or wool and not other replacement fibres that could be more environment friendly, it is recommended that companies research further on it 4.The banana fibre is a fibre that has not been experimented in many countries yet it cost effective and eco friendly, it is recommended that companies could look in to growing banana fibre to increase the natural sustainable plant 5. The fibre’s suggested will help fashion companies to diversify their businesses 28 | P a g e REFERENCES Books & Journals Anandjiwala, R. D. , (2007) Textiles For Sustainable Development, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. Blackburn, R. S. (2009) Sustainable textiles: Life cycle and environmental impact, Taylor & Francis.Chand, N, Tiwary, RK & Rohatgi, PK (1988) ‘Bibliography Resource structure properties of natural cellulosic fibres — an annotated bibliography', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 381-7. Chen, H-L & Burns, L. D. , (2006) ‘Environmental Analysis of Textile Products', Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 248-61. Collier, B. J. , Bide, M. J. , Tortora, P. G. , (2009) Understanding Textiles, Seventh Edition, Pearson Education Inc. , New Jersey, USA Dermatological study of the textile compatibility of TENCEL ®, 2004, Univ. -Prof. Dr. T. L. Diepgen, Heidelber g, GermanyEngineering Science Paper, (2012) Study on Performance and Application of Banana Fiber and Banana/Cotton Blended Knitted Fabrics Gohl, E. P. G. , Vilensky, L. D. , (2003) Textiles for Modern Living, Fifth Edition, Pearson Education Inc. , South Melbourne, Australia 29 | P a g e Green,J. & Thompson,D. , (1993) The Cure: A Visual Documentary Ominibus London & New York G Hermann, R Iden, M Mielke, F Teich, B Ziegler (1995) J Non-Cryst. Solids Hatch, K. L. , (1993) Textile Science, Delmar Publishers, New York, USA Humphries, M. , (2009) Fabric Reference, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education Inc. , New Jersey, USAJ. Fricke, (1986) Aerogels, Springer Proceedings in Physics, Vol. 6, Springer, Heidelberg Kadolph, S. J. , (2007) Textiles, Tenth Edition, Pearson Education Inc. , New Jersey, USA Kadolph, S. J. ,(2010)Textiles, Eleventh Edition, Prentice Hall. Kiruthika, A, Priyadarzini, T & Veluraja, K (2012) ‘Preparation, properties and application of tamarind seed gum reinforced banana fibre composite materials', Fibers and Polymers, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 51-6. Kulkarni, AG, Satyanarayana, KG, Rohatgi, PK & Vijayan, K (1983) ‘Mechanical properties of banana fibres (Musa sepientum)', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 2290-6. Lyle, D. S. (1982) Modern textiles, Macmillan Publishing Co. Mak, CM, Yuen, CWM, Ku, SKA & Kan, CW ( 2006), ‘Changes in surface morphology of Tencel fabric during the fibrillation process', Journal of The Textile Institute, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 241-6. Miraftab, M, Horrocks, AR, Institute, T & Institute, T (2007), Ecotextiles: The Way Forward for Sustainable Development in Textiles, Woodhead Pub. 30 | P a g e Mussig, Jorg; Stevens, Christian (2010). Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres : Structure, Properties and Technical Applications. Wiley.Retrieved September 03, 2012, from Ebook Library. Reddy, N & Yang, Y (2005) ‘Biofibers from agricultural byproducts for industrial applications', Trends in Biotech nology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 22-7. Schuster, K. C. , Suchomel, F. , Manner, J. , Abu-Rous, M. and Firgo, H. (2006), Functional and Comfort Properties of Textiles from TENCELFibres Resulting from the Fibres' Water-Absorbing Nanostructure: A Review. Macromol. Symp. , 244: 149–165. doi: 10. 1002/masy. 200651214 Technical Apparel (2005), Design News, 60, 18, p. 56, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 4 September

Question 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question 3 - Essay Example There are over 62 million women in the United States of childbearing age from 15 to 44 years (â€Å"Facts†). This represents the potential target market for Oxylent. The primary market has been identified as women aged between 28 to 40 years. Currently, the Prenatal Oxylent pack is designed to contain 30 packets; further market research is necessary to establish whether additional packaging units must be made for 7, 60 and 90 packets. Additional research is also necessary with respect to advertising and distribution. The product has been pretested for purity as well as potency; further market tests will be conducted using stratified samples for possible side effects. The product will be available nationwide using a market penetration strategy, along with a strong advertising effort. Oxylent will be launched by the second quarter of this fiscal year and is expected to achieve strong market growth soon. The marketing strategies for the product have been designed to snare a ten to twenty percent market share in the first year. The Development stage is nearly wrapped up and product introduction is expected now. Sales volume is expected to be steep due to pricing strategy, strong relationship building and product innovativeness. As opposed to tablets that have to be swallowed or chewed, this innovative powder has a fruity flavor and is easily dissolved in water, making it easier for pregnant women to consume it. Furthermore, the product contains zero gluten, lactose, caffeine, artificial flavors and sugar. This product USP sets this product apart from competition and attracts women. To ensure sustained market growth this USP needs to be communicated to the target market. â€Å"Vitalah Introduces Prenatal Oxylent— An Innovative, Easy-to-Digest, Great-Tasting Effervescent and the Official Prenatal Multivitamin of the American Pregnancy Association.† Americanpregnancy. American Pregnancy

Sensation and Preception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sensation and Preception - Essay Example Driving is another instance where sensation and perception is vital to our well-being. Determining our distance in relation to a structure, or another vehicle, is particularly important for our safety, and the safety of others with whom we share the road. These are two instances, in which these processes are necessary to ensure our survival during our normal, everyday lives. During the viewing of this video, my perception of sensory stimuli was noticeably changed on numerous occasions. The most notable of these, was the screen that appeared to be a darker shade of gray on the left half. This was most intriguing, because when the sensory stimuli was altered by simply covering the center boundary, the only area in which a difference in shade was actually present, both halves of the screen were proven to be identical in color. In retrospect, even though one is aware of there being no actual difference, aside from the center boundary, we still get the sensation that there is a slight dif ference in brightness or color. This phenomenon, referred to as subjective contours, is explained as the brain’s tendency to detect a slight difference in the sensory stimuli, in this case the slight color variation, and to over-extend that variation, therefore registering a pattern that does not exist.

Age of New Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Age of New Media - Essay Example Back home the same thing happens, open the laptop to do some work and some online surfing or online movie watching. Modern technology, specifically new media, has truly integrated itself into our daily lives. And it is not only adults that live by such lifestyle. From young children to teenagers, new media has become a way of life in the whole world. Vryzas and Tsitouridou (2002, pp. 9-17) examined how much access to home computers do children have in Greece. Of the 993 randomly chosen respondents, 305 had computers at home. These children could already make full use of the features of the computer after being taught by their older siblings or parents. The main activity that they did was play games using the computer. But they would also use other applications. Just what is new media? One definition could be â€Å"immediately suggests something far less settled [than â€Å"the media†] known, and identified†¦on the one hand, a rapidly changing set of formal and technological experiments and, on the other, a complex set of interactions between new technological possibilities and established media forms (Lister, 2003, p. 10-11). The term new media is so wide that it includes practically everything and anything that we use in modern times—digital, electronic, interactive, computer-mediated. And people have different concepts for the term so that â€Å"while a person using new media may have one kind of thing in mind (the Internet), others may mean something else (digital TV, new ways of imaging the body, a virtual environment or game)†, therefore the term refers to a â€Å"broad cultural resonance rather than a narrow technicist or specialist application† (Lister, 2003, p. 10-11) With all the explosion of new sites and activities using new media, especially those that can be found on the Internet, Lister’s definition encompasses a very broad range indeed. There are the social networking sites such as Facebook, Friendster, and MySpace,

Soviet Union during Gorbachev Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Soviet Union during Gorbachev Presidency - Essay Example By the late 80s, if the cold war was becoming a major limitation for the Soviet Union, the US administration was also getting cognizant of the constraints being posed by that icy conflict. Thus a thorough understanding of the decline of the Soviet Union during the Gorbachev era raises many hitherto unexpected issues (Dukes, 1993). Therefore the onus for the decline of the Soviet Union both before and after Gorbachev needs to be interpreted in the context of the socio-economic, political and cultural changes that defined the Soviet Union in 1991. Communism was as much an economic and social doctrine as a political strategy. It is really surprising to note that the Bolsheviks primarily came to power by riding on a band wagon of simple economic promises that is the extension of food, clothing and shelter to the suffering masses (Sviderskii, 1930). Hence the demise of the Soviet Union was as much a failure of the Communist economic model, as a victory of the Western democratic and capitalist ideals. The Gorbachev era was the culmination of a long history of disastrous economic policies pursued by the successive soviet regimes over the decades. So the decline of the Soviet Union when Gorbachev came to power needs to be understood in the subaltern context of the failure of the Soviet state to provide the basic means of sustenance to the masses. Food definitely constitutes an important aspect of this state failure on the part of the communist regime. In the late 20s, the Soviet regime went ahead with a positive note in the sense that it supported the idea of allowing for private agriculture and the free market economy pertaining to food grains, while retaining the Communist Party's hold over the basic market frameworks (Sviderskii, 1930). However, the agents of doom were let lose when Stalin decided in favour of the state control over agriculture and the production and the management of food stocks (Gaider, 2007). Stalin chose to do so despite the cautions extended by many of his trusted comrades like Bukharin and Rykov (Gaider, 2007).The pursuance of this food policy between 1920 and 1950 resulted in a sharp decline in the Soviet agricultural production, despite the fact that it had access to some of the largest farming tracts in the world (Desai, 1986). In fact Nikita Khrushchev wrote a letter delivered to many of his friends, mentioning that, "In the last fifteen years we have not increased the collection of grain. Meanwhile we are experiencing a radical increase of urban population. How can we resolve this problem (Gaider, 2007)"At some time in the 50s, the Soviet planners alarmed by this scarcity, put their heads together to grapple with this pressing issue and several options were

How is academic performance affected by mood stabilizing medication on Research Paper

How is academic performance affected by mood stabilizing medication on school children - Research Paper Example The range of disorders that mood stabilizers can be used to treat include bipolar disorder 1, bipolar disorder 2, cyclothymia, schizoaffective disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, any medical condition in which mania is a symptom (such as stroke, cancer, temporal lobe syndrome), recurrent depression as a prophylaxis, etc (Jacobson, 2001). Bipolar disorder is often seen in children suffering from ADHD, along with several other co-morbid conditions. Mood stabilizers are used to treat several disorders in which aggression, agitation and impulsivity are symptoms. Aggressive behavior is common in several other disorders such as conduct disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, mental retardation, deliriums and dementia. Along with agitation, the child may also have accompanying psychosis, mood changes, anxiety, and insomnia. However, mood stabilizers have a range of positive and negative effects, and a lot of consideration is given to the effect of the drug over the academic p erformance of the child (Kane, 2004). In this paper, 10 handpicked studies from various databases including Cochrane, Pubmed, BMJ and Google Scholar were being analyzed for findings regarding the effect of mood stabilizers on the academic performance of school children. Taken into consideration were the impact of the disease itself, and the course of the disease with respect to the academic performance when treated or untreated with mood stabilizers. Though there are a number of effects of mood stabilizers on the academic performance, they are vital for effective management of the disease, and the treatment of such children has to be carefully evaluated. Body The first paper that is being reviewed is by Smarty and Findling 2007, in which they conducted a review of the psychopharmacology of a pediatric bipolar disorder. According to the researchers, the disorder itself is debilitating to the child and may have long-term and short-term implications in the school, home or in social settings, and can also affect the academic performance of the child. Besides several other disorders such as ADHD, OPP, substance abuse and conduct disorders can affect Bipolar disorder, which in turn can affect the effectiveness of the treatment of bipolar disorder. This is an important point to be taken into consideration whilst assessing the overall effectiveness of the drugs belonging to the mood stabilizers group. The authors conducted a Medline search over the articles published between 1995 and 2006 for treatment practices for bipolar disorders. The study found that lithium, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics were equally beneficial in the treatment of the mania phase bipolar disorders in youth, though data was lacking with the depressive phase of the disorder. Data even suggested that combination therapy was better than monotherapy especially in the maniac or mixed phases. Besides, many studies did not present much information on the treatment of cormobidities and relapses with the disease. The study in general sugg ested treatment of cormobidities and relapses using evidence-based guidelines, as these could affect the academ

The impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Developing States Essay

The impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Developing States - Essay Example This paper tries to evaluate the overall effects of the global financial crisis on developing countries. It analyzes the economic situations during the crisis in major developing states in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. Extraordinary financing, massive flow of remittance in developing states, and high commodity costs were the fundamental components of the economic boom in the developing countries between 2003 and 2007. The global financial crisis (GFC) initially trembled the banking systems in North America and Europe. The first developing states to face the crisis were those which had its majority of financial sectors linked with the global market. Next, it caused impact on domestic and international trade as prices and volumes of manufacturing and commodities felled across the world. Low workers like, street vendors, garbage pickers along with blue-collar workers affected mostly due to job-and pay-cuts. As remittances from migrant workers from the North America and Europe hit badly, large population in developing and poor states, which were highly dependent on it, was significantly affected. Due to the global financial crisis of 2007, developing and emerging economies in all over the world faced a drastic drop in output growth. The aggregate GDP growth decline in the newly industrialized and emerging Asian economies such as, Singapore (17.9%), Hong Kong (10.9%), Malaysia (9.9%), and Korea (9.2%) was larger compare to that in the developing economies of Central and Eastern Europe such as Russia (14%), Turkey (9.6%), Poland (7.3%), and Hungary (4.3%). Among the Asian countries, Singapore had the greatest GDP growth decline followed by Hong Kong and Malaysia.

Desmond Morris reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desmond Morris reaction - Essay Example The territorial space was most interesting to me because I have noticed that people make a fairly wide combination of affiliations depending upon the circumstances. For instance, not everyone in my group of flats has the same political affiliations, but we are all neighbors and form a solid group whenever anything unfamiliar enters the neighborhood. At the same time that we identify ourselves as residents at this place, we also identify ourselves as students at the same school, workers at the same place, ‘workers’ or ‘students’, members of particular political parties and members of different and usually much smaller social groups and clubs. When our group of flats gets together for community events, we present a solid group to the outside, but inside, we are organized and divided according to some of these other affiliations. While I had always assumed this affiliation process was a natural process of sorting according to individual personality types, I had n’t considered how we established these associations so quickly within the group setting. Morris’ explanation into the various visual clues we provide in our daily interactions as he came down to the familial level began to make this clear. For example, I suddenly realized that no matter which door in the complex I come to, I can usually tell which resident lives there by the way they have customized their entrance area, which is otherwise identical to everyone else’s entrance area.

Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

Death Penalty Essay Should be Abolished from our Judicial System Fagan, Jeffrey A. Capital Punishment: Deterrent Effects Capital Costs. www. law. columbia. edu/law-school/communications/reports. Summer 2006. Web. 06 April 2011. The article shows that the states are broken, and the money that we are spending on trials to punish criminals to death penalty should be used in prevention. If you compare the costs of the process and the effects, USA should abolish the death penalty from our Judicial System. It is an excellent article, with detailed information and written y someone who has done many research about capital punishment. It will be very helpful to back up my thesis. Stamper, Norm. A Former Cop Speaks out Against the Death Penalty. www. deathpenalty. org/article. php. 17 Nov 2007. Web 04/02/2011. The article describes an experience of a former cop, who worked for 29 years at San Diego Police Department. In his opinion death penalty is a waste of money, and fails terribly to reduce crime. He feels like we are better off spending the money and resources on programs such as mental health care, drugs and alcohol treatment, after school programs and education. The article is very interesting and comes from a reliable source. He makes very good points on why we should abolish the death penalty. Death Penalty Information Center: Facts about the Death Penalty. www. deathpenaltyinfo. org. 1 April 2011. Web 04/04/2011 This is a complete and updated article about death penalty. It shows all the details and statistics about the number of defendants who were executed and their race, number of victims in death penalty cases and their races, and number of death row exonerations by state. Definitely, I will use this article on my essay because the information will ake my argument stronger, and it comes from a reliable source. Bedau, Hugo, and Paul Cassel. Debate the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment? The experts on Both Sides Make Their Best Case. New York: Oxford University Press 2004. In this book, the author and other experts debate several questions about death penalty. It provides insights on advantages and disadvantages of death penalty, and opinions come from people with different ways of thinking. This book will be helpful because it has credible information, and the author is an expert on the subject of death penalty. Some chapter will serve as a counter argument to my thesis. Amnesty USA. Death Penalty and Innocence. http://www. amnestyusa. org/deathpenalty-facts/death-penalty-and-innocence. Web. 04 April 2011. The article shows how the governor, George Ryan, of Illinois feels about the death penalty. He can not support it because the system is full of errors and he is not sure that everyone sent to death row is guilt. He does not want to see the state taking an innocent life. The article is full of good information, with facts, and many details about the number of innocent people that has been released from death row. The article will be helpful because it is based on statistics, data, and full of facts. Folduary, Fred. Abolish the Death Penalty. Editorial. The Progress Report. 2000 www. progress. org. Web. 04 April 2011. The article shows that there are four justifications for capital punishment: protection of society, reform and rehabilitate the criminal, deterrence, restitution of the damage. Punishing the criminal to death penalty will not solve any of these problems. It is a well written article, based on researches and statistics. To make my essay stronger, with valid points, I will use some quotations from this article.

Meeting Organizational Aims and Commitment in Healthcare

Meeting Organizational Aims and Commitment in Healthcare Managing a healthcare facility or a healthcare organization with diverse and multicultural employees requires an exquisite and well updated policies and procedures. These would become the governing principle and plan that guides every action, stating what should and how should an action be done. But before an organization put up these policies and procedures, it should first have clarified its organizational aims and with the help of these policies and procedures, fulfilment of these aims will follow. Organizational aims are the goals or objectives that an organization seeks to achieve. It is something that an organization has envisioned to happen. And in order to meet its aim the organization then has to establish the mechanisms it will use in order to achieve those ends, draw up some plan and come up with a strategy. By setting aims or objectives, organizations give themselves a sense of purpose and direction. This provides a frame of reference around which to create their plans. With an overall plan in place, a company or organization can set particular targets and monitor its progression towards reaching them.[1] In a healthcare setting, one of the most important factors to consider in setting up an aim is that everybody’s right would be equal especially in a healthcare institution with differences in employees’ culture and with diverse nationalities. The best example of an aim with this kind of setting would be to provide diversity and equality to all in employment regardless of their gender, ethnic origin, age, nationality and national origin, disabilities, sexuality, religion or belief, social class as well as marital status. Organizational aim should also include opposition to any form of unlawful and unfair discrimination. Example of this would be the fair or equal treatment to all employees, whether part-time, full-time or just temporary. Even those with disabilities, male or female or anyone with different gender orientation should be treated with respect. Another important aim of an organization that promotes equality is giving the same opportunities for employment, prom otion, training or any other benefit to everybody. Everybody will be justified on the basis of their ability and disposition not because of the differences in age, races and other areas of discrimination. For example is that age shouldn’t be a matter in choosing who the organization will employ. Everybody in different ages should be welcomed and given opportunities because it doesn’t always mean that the older the age, the lesser the ability to learn new things or the older the greater experience. It should be the organization’s purpose to encourage and help all the employees to develop their full potential for them to exercise their talents and resources. This will lead to full utilization of the workforce and creative innovations of employees will be fully utilised and also, the efficiency of the organisation will be maximised. Having these aims and objectives in an organization will definitely address disparities in every individual and will lead to a cultura lly sensitive and globally competitive organization. Addressing inequalities and disparities in a workplace is not an easy task but as long as the organization or institution sticks or would not lose sight to its goal of promoting equality and diversity then everything will fall to its place. Reaching organizational aims requires organizational commitment. The level of employee’s commitment greatly affects the system of the whole organization. Organizational commitment to promote employees’ well-being in a workplace should be a must for every organization. It serves as the guide of an organization of its obligation to every employee with which, should be leading to equality and diversity principles and policies. Moreover, this also has an effect on whether the employee will remain with the organization and to perform with greater effectiveness. A healthcare organization commitment should be based on its organizational aim. Its commitment is to build an environment in which individual disparities and the contributions of all the staff are acknowledged and are given importance. Every employee is entitled to a work in an environment that uplifts the dignity and respect to all and no form of coercion, bullying or persecution will be tolerated. The healthcare organization should also be in charge of continuity of progress and development of employees through provision of trainings or in house seminars. This would help them become more confident and knowledgeable in every aspect of the organization system which will then make them an effective part of it. WRITING EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY POLICY Equality policy reflects the commitment of an organization to equal opportunities. It is an assurance for all employees and also to potential employees that they will be treated fairly and considerately. Developing equality policy is one of the important factors in building a sustainable organization. It gives forth on rich diversity of society and provides equal favourable circumstances for everyone involved. What is an equality policy? An Equality Policy is a written statement showing that an organisation actively opposes discrimination. It demonstrates commitment to making the organisation a fully accessible and inclusive place that welcomes and respects diversity.[2] All organisations must be apprehensive of their legal obligations regarding discrimination by reviewing it in various Acts of Parliament. In writing equality and diversity policies, the management committee should engage employees and everyone involved in an organization. It should be developed in consultation with them and it should be supported by everyone in the organization. This will enable the organization to develop a more inclusive and comprehensive policy addressing equality issues which will also make its implementation easier. The policy of the organization should have four distinct parts. The policy should contain a statement of the organization’s aim to encourage, value and manage diversity, specifically there is no harassment and bullying; the commitment to provide equality for all and also the intention to take constructive ways to encourage cooperation. Moreover, the list of objectives that the organization seeks to achieve and the procedures to take the aims into action should also be included in the policy. Most importantly, it should be monitored, evaluated and reviewed upon certain amount of times. The areas of discrimination that an organization will counter should then be identified. These are usually age, disability, physical appearance, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race (including ethnic origin, colour, nationality and national origin), religion or belief (including philosophical belief), sex and sexual orientation.[3] In the organization ’s policy statement, it should recognize that there are certain people or group of people in the society who are discriminated and that it is opposed to it and will take steps to counter it. Objectives in every organization may vary but it may include ensuring that all workers and management committee receive training on issues about equality and diversity and no one experiences discrimination, bullying or harassment of any sort. What about the action plan? Without an action plan with regular monitoring and reviews to back it up, no matter how well-written the policy is, there is no way of ensuring it has any significance. The action should be detailed on about what will be done, when it should be done and by whom. The organization should set dates on when they will do monitoring, reviewing procedures, and training. Setting out minimum standards of behavior and making sure everyone is aware of them is an important procedure. The organization should also develop procedures for dealing with breaches of the code like grievance policies, harassment or bullying policies and if somebody had breached it, there should be a corresponding consequence. The organization should also establish programs providing equality and diversity training to everyone and they should be aware and be familiar with the procedures so that they will also know what is expected of them when they are implemented. Equality and diversity policy must be monitored continually by which statistical information is collected and results are evaluated. The purpose of monitoring is to enable you to examine how the policy and action plan are working and if they are not working well the organization can make necessary revisions to put it right. Monitoring involves gathering individual personal information on the diversity of potential recruits or existing employees and comparing and analyzing this against other groups of employees in the organization. This monitoring poses a problem as workers are not obliged to provide information about them so one way to gather information could be done through confidential surveys and questionnaires. Policy should clearly state as who will be responsible for monitoring, evaluating and reviewing the policies and how often it should be done. REFERENCES: Acas (2014). Delivering equality and diversity. Retrieved from  http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=818 Beyond Barriers. Equality and diversity, how to write an inclusive equality policy.  Retrieved from http://www.stonewall.org.uk/beyond_barriers/information/equality_and_diversity/1134.asp#1 Liff, S.(2006). Diversity and equal opportunities: Room for constructive  compromise?. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-8583.1999.tb00190.x/abstract;jsessionid=3D5E2E8F40E7E3AFD2127B49BDB290AE.f03t02?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=userIsAuthenticated=false Michellin (2014). Business aims, objectives, and values. Retrieved from  http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/michelin/business-aims-objectives-and-values/aims-and-objectives.html#ixzz34ODthJ95 Owitzy, S. O. (2014). The impact of organizational commitment on effectiveness of  banks in Nigeria: A study of selected banks in Makudi Metropolis. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/2928313/THE_IMPACT_OF_ORGANISATIONAL_COMMITMENT_ON_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_BANKS_IN_NIGERIA_A_STUDY_OF_SELECTED_BANKS_IN_MAKURDI_METROPOLIS University of Florida College of Medicine (2014).Research and intervention program-aims and objectives. Retrieved from http://ufhealthdisparities.med.ufl.edu/about/aims-objectives/ [1] Michellin (2014). Business aims, objectives, and values. Retrieved from http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/michelin/business-aims-objectives-and-values/aims-and-objectives.html#ixzz34ODthJ95 [2] Beyond Barriers. Equality and diversity, how to write an inclusive equality policy. Retrieved from http://www.stonewall.org.uk/beyond_barriers/information/equality_and_diversity/1134.asp#1 [3] Acas (2014). Delivering equality and diversity. Retrieved from http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=818

The Great Gatsby - The American Dream :: essays research papers

The American dream. Everyone has different opinions on what the American dream is. Their 'ultimate goal'; in life. The people in The Great Gatsby think they are living that dream, but I beg to differ. The only one who I believe is living out something close to the American dream is Tom, and I will prove so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The many different characters in this book act as if they're having the time of their life and so forth. That is so only on the outside. If you look carefully at the person inside, you can see that they aren't so happy-go-lucky as they seem. A good example would be Daisy. Sure, she's pretty and so forth. However, her flaw is that she is attracted to money. No love has to be involved in the relationship as long as her beau can provide the dough. You can see this from the fact that she was married to Tom for about 5 years and never once did she think about leaving him. This was all for the simple fact that he had all the superficial qualities that anyone can have. He's rich, he's big and hulking, and he's very offensive. Therefore, although she did not love Tom, she knew he would provide for her with both money and protection. That is why she did not live the American dream. The American dream is all about happiness. I believe that if you are happy with what has hap pened with you in life, then you have lived the American dream. Sure Daisy seems happy, but inside she went through 5 years of hell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My second example is Gatsby. There could not be a better example of someone who has lived a life that is a total opposite to American dream. How did he become rich? He was a bootlegger. He got his money illegally. What did he concentrate on for the past 5 years? He arranged parties and gatherings to try to get close to the only thing that gave him a meaning to live: Daisy. Was he ever happy during that time? I highly doubt it. He had fun, bootlegging and making money and getting together with lots of so called 'friends.'; All just to get close to Daisy. Did he even succeed in winning her? No, and that's the point. He was unsatisfied with life and in the end, someone had killed him.

The Opening of A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

A critical analysis of the opening of the play A Dolls House. In the opening of the play "A Dolls House" ,the setting of the stage is of a house portrayed as if it were a dolls house. The items described in the house are all small therefore representing a dolls house where all items are miniature, the type of furniture owned , such as a piano, show that the family is moderately well off. There is no narrator in the play and all information and knowledge about the character is gained from listening to conversations. Ibsen has incorporated relevant information into conversations, this seems like a natural situation and makes the audience feel like they are looking onto a real house with real people. This means that the actors will have to act well so as to show audience with out seeming as if they are telling them. This means Ibsen had to write the opening of the play not only telling the audience what is going on but what has gone on. Nora is the first character introduced, and is shown entering the house on her own, the first sentence spoken in the play is said by Nora, this is to do with concealment and money. "The children mustn't see. How much is that?" This is significant to the rest of the play as these are two main themes used through the play. When Helmer (Nora Helmer's husband) enters he is then shown through out of the rest of the opening and the play, to treat Nora like a child using methods such as control and speaking to Nora in a patronising and child like manner. In the conversation between Nora and Helmer, Helmer refers to his wife as if she were inferior in the relationship using terms such as "songbird" and "squirrelkin". Nora in return replies to Helmer also using child like talk, such as referring to money as "pennies and pennies". Nora is also shown to be generous with money as she is tells the porter to "keep the change" this is an immediate indication that Nora is not worried about spending. Helmer also states that when Nora gets money it "melts in (her) hands" suggesting that she does not save .Nora's attitude towards money is also shown later in the opening when she shows no concern of borrowing money and being in debt. Nora also shows lack of feeling towards other people and there situation as long as she is ok , this shows a selfish nature as she says "why would U care if I still owed people money".

The Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson Essay -- Mrs. Ma

The Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson In â€Å"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,† Mary Rowlandson, a Puritan mother from Lancaster, Massachusetts, recounts the invasion of her town by Indians in 1676 during â€Å"King Philip’s War,† when the Indians attempted to regain their tribal lands. She describes the period of time where she is held under captivity by the Indians, and the dire circumstances under which she lives. During these terrible weeks, Mary Rowlandson deals with the death of her youngest child, the absence of her Christian family and friends, the terrible conditions that she must survive, and her struggle to maintain her faith in God. She also learns how to cope with the Indians amongst whom she lives, which causes her attitude towards them to undergo several changes. At first, she is utterly appalled by their lifestyle and actions, but as time passes she grows dependent upon them, and by the end of her captivity, she almost admires their abil ity to survive the harshest times with a very minimal amount of possessions and resources. Despite her growing awe of the Indian lifestyle, her attitude towards them always maintains a view that they are the â€Å"enemy.† In the beginning of the narrative, Mary Rowlandson describes the manner in which the Indians invade her home, kill many of her friends, and drag her away from her husband and two children. She watches as the â€Å"murderous Wretches [burn] and [destroy]† her home before her eyes. It is the â€Å"dolefullest day that [her] eyes have ever [seen].† At this point in time, Mary has no knowledge of the Indian lifestyle, or even of their motive for ravaging the land of the colonists. She sees them merely as merciless heathens who come from Satan. Mary writes that before the incident, she said that if â€Å"the Indians should come, [she] should choose rather to be killed by them then [be] taken alive,†(124) but when that choice actually comes to her, she chooses to go with them, despite her unwillingness. At this point, she puts her life into the Indians’ hands. Once they leave the town, Mary and the Indians begin a series of â€Å"removes,† or moves to di fferent areas of the New England wilderness. Mary describes the celebration rituals of the Indians, where they dance and chant, and â€Å"[make] the place a lively resemblance of hell!† Their unchristian lifestyle... ...en she goes home to her family and friends, her attitude toward Indians in general changes greatly. At first, living with Indians is the most appalling thought that she could ever have. Over time, she realizes that she must somewhat befriend them in order to survive adequately. In the end, she even appreciates the Indians, and the experiences she has had with them. Her captivity also brings her closer to God, because during every hardship, she turns to her faith to help her through it. Her time with the Indians also gave her the affliction that she had always hoped for. Mary lived in prosperity before, and had too many comforts of the world around her. The journeys with the Indians give her a kind of reality check, because she sees that not everyone lives in prosperity as she did. The biggest lesson that she learns is to â€Å"look beyond present and smaller troubles, and be quieted under them, as Moses said, Exodus.xiv.13, Stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord.† Work Cited Rowlandson, Mary. A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.In Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives. Ed. Kathryn Zabelle Derounian-Stodola. New York: Penguin Books, 1998.

Summary of the Lesson

Toni Cade Bambara: Lesson for Change Toni Cade Bambara was a renowned author, educator and civil rights activist. She created short stories that drew attention and awareness to the social, political and economic issues of her time. â€Å"Bambara always insisted that social commitment is inseparable from the production of art. † (Andrews, Foster and Harris 22) â€Å"The Lesson†, published in 1972, is a short story from the collection, â€Å"Gorilla, My Love†. This story’s purpose was to bring the social inequalities that were prevalent within the urban community to the forefront of the minds of the readers.The intention was not only to bring the issues to light, but to empower people to make the necessary changes in their lives and to â€Å"wake up and demand their share of the pie† (542). â€Å"The Lesson† introduces us to an undereducated group of children from a poor urban community and the woman who takes them through this journey of disco very, Miss Moore. The story is told through a first-person narrative by a young African American girl named Sylvia. Sylvia is a tough, proud, stubborn child that keeps her true thoughts and emotions hidden away.She begins the story by introducing us to Miss Moore, with whom she is not particularly fond of. Her opinion of Miss Moore seems to be largely affected by the influences of the adults in her life. This begins to show us how a lack of parental responsibility can affect the minds and perceptions of our children. I agree with this because my children emulate everything I do. As a single mother, all of their attention is on me and for the first few crucial years of development, I am their only teacher. They will learn from these experiences and examples that we set .The parents in â€Å"The Lesson† do not seem to be very responsible; the children are often pawned off on their aunt and they speak negatively of Miss Moore when she is not around. Miss Moore is an educated bla ck woman who seeks to educate the children about the ways of the world. â€Å"She’d been to college and said it was only right that she should take responsibility for the young ones’ education† (537). She is the perfect example of a good role model. It is a summer day, Sylvia isn’t happy when Miss Moore gathers them up for yet another lesson.On this particular day Miss Moore is asking the children questions concerning money. She explains to them about expenses and â€Å"how the money ain’t divided up right in this country† (538). They take a trip to Fifth Avenue to visit a F. A. O. Schwartz, a high end toy store. When they arrive she has them look through the window to view the displays. One of the children, Ronald, shows interest in a microscope that costs $300. They discuss how long it would likely take to afford it and one of them suggests that he would outgrow it first.Miss Moore tells them â€Å"you never outgrow learning instrumentsâ €  (539). Education is her next valid point, to be successful and change your way of life you need to be educated. You are never too old to get an education and improve your chances in a better life, and I am living proof of this. I have been out of school for twelve years and I want a better life for my family. I am back in school being a better role model and getting the skills needed to improve our quality of life They continue looking through the window of the store. Then, they see a sailboat priced at $1195.They are all shocked, and now Miss Moore tells them it’s time to go inside. Miss Moore lets them take the lead. Sylvia is reluctant to go through the door, and she doesn’t understand it â€Å"I feel funny, shame. But what do I have to be shamed about? † (541). As they make their way to the sailboat, everyone tip toeing around, afraid to touch anything- Sylvia compares it to a Catholic church. When they get there, Sylvia just stares at the price tag. T hen, Sugar runs her fingers across the boat, making Sylvia jealous and angry. She hides the way she feels and lets Miss Moore know that she wants to leave.The experience has opened her eyes to this other end of the spectrum of society. I believe this is to show how the other side lives to drive the readers to pursue more for themselves. While I understand the need for Bambara to use the extreme examples in the story, at the same time the costs are too extreme even for now. It is unrealistic; the majority of Americans could never afford to throw away that much money on a toy. As a child I was not as unfortunate as the children in this story, we started out in a trailer park and built up a better life for ourselves.Even now, I never would have had a toy that costs as much as a car. On the way home Sylvia starts calculating and contemplating all the things that could be done with that amount of money- rent, bills, groceries, vacations. She wants to know who these people are and â€Å" what kind of work they do how they live and how come we ain’t in on it? † (542). She is angry with Miss Moore for making her aware of her quality of life. When Miss Moore asks them about the day, Sugar responds clearly in a way that shows she understood the lesson. â€Å"This is not much of a democracy if you ask me.Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough, don’t it? † (543). Though Sylvia is stubborn and won’t reveal her thoughts you know she understands too. She knows that there is more out there for her and can strive to make her life better. She walks away thinking about the day and becomes empowered saying, â€Å"ain’t nobody gonna beat me at nuthin. † Though Toni Cade Bambara wrote this story about the African American communities in the 1960’s and the social inequalities that they faced- this story’s lessons are still extremely valid.I fell that though she used extreme circumstances, they were necessary to paint the picture. Without the imagry the point wouldn’t have had the same impact. It is up to you to make the necessary changes in your life to succeed. Lead by example and don’t settle for less because your future is in your hands. Works Cited Andrews, William L, Frances Smith Foster and Trudier Harris. Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature. n. d. Bambara, Toni Cade. â€Å"The Lesson. † The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. Ed. Stephen Reid. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Pearson, 2011. Print.