Mediation Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mediation - Research Paper Example Man is also a social being. Because he belongs to the civilized society, man is expected to interact with his fellow human beings and form a variety of relationships like friendship. When man is required to make decisions, he may or may not solicit his friends’ opinions. â€Å"†¦in making decisions, people often consider all relevant information...† (Goodell, 2009) For man, a rational and social being, friends are important and so are their opinions which usually form part of man’s consideration. Since it is not a perfect world, man may have altercations with others. These can be trivial ones and/or serious fights. Whatever the dispute is, some form of mediation comes into play. In mediation, a neutral third party works with the people involved to resolve their dispute. (Kline, n.d.) â€Å"Unlike a judge or arbitrator, a mediator has no decision-making authority†¦[he] acts to facilitate the parties reaching their own solutions.† (Mediation v. Litigation, page 1) In mediation, the decision-making authority rests with the parties. (The Mediation Process, page 1) Thus, it is very important for the parties to take note of every variable before reaching an agreement. As mentioned earlier, being a social being as well as a rational one, it is common nature for man to hold his peers’ opinions as one of those variables. These people, who are not actually sitting around the table, can have a deep effect on mediation. (Rosenthal, 2009) One wonders just how strong a man is influenced by his peers’ opinions. Already, the strength of peer influence has been recognized and researched as evidenced by the studies done on peer mediation. In one article, researchers shared the results of their project â€Å"designed to investigate the effectiveness of a school-wide conflict resolution curriculum and peer mediation program.† (Daunic, et. al., 2000) The research was done in three middle schools.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 23

Reflection Paper - Essay Example oss such situations where irrespective of being apparent that a person did good to others, sans caring about personal well being, people did find a strong need to imbue such an act with selfish motives. In that context Robert Trivers’ concept of reciprocal altruism is of immense importance. Many individuals do believe that Triver by ascribing the notion of reciprocal to a noble notion like altruism does divest it of its inherent goodness and nobility. However, I think that even if we ascribe to the idea that people do altruistic activities to avail the benefits of reciprocity from the subjects they benefit, it still does prove one important fact that overall the human conscience and its genetic makeup is born to be good. It is a fact that people many a times act in ways that tend to benefit other people. However, the cynics believe that they do so to get something in return. At the least people engage in goodness and altruism to get the benefit of believing that they did something selfless for others. Thereby, in a cynical context, the moral satisfaction of doing an altruistic act qualifies to be a cause of selfish personal aggrandizement. This readily turns the idea of altruism to be opened to evolutionary ideas and explanations. Trivers in his article talks about the theories of kin selection and reciprocal altruism to convey that they emotional makeup and thereby the underlying genetic framework of humans so designed to be altruistic with the idea of benefiting from it at some other time. The crux of Trivers’ theory is that evolution does happen to favor such individuals that sacrifice their personal well being to do well to others with the intention of accruing a favor at a later stage. T he theory of reciprocal altruism did explain one important evolutionary enigma as to how do the organisms that sacrifice their personal well being, life and the ability to reproduce for the sake of others happen to evince evolution. It is quite understandable to consider

Acounting and finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Acounting and finance - Essay Example To efficiently administer the various functional areas for which the manager is responsible and also to co ordinate these functions and activities within the overall framework of an organization is the two major purpose of an accounting system Especially the management accounting systems contemplate to analytically measure and report all financial and non-financial information so that the managers can make fruitful and effective decisions to fulfill the goals of an organisation. Thus the focus of the management accounting is mainly internal reporting of the various activities. Modern day management accounting plays a very significant role in both planning and control decisions. Hence in the process of decision making the management accountant has to make a number of realistic and logical assumptions in arriving at an optimal solution for the problem on hand. For enabling the management accountant to take a stand on the various assumptions in the process of decision making, the cost o f the product or service is a key element. Traditionally there are various methods of ascertaining the cost of a particular product or service. One of such methods is collecting the various cost elements and allocating them to the particular product or service which is known as unit costing.As outlined above one of the traditional ways of ascertaining the cost is to apportion a standard cost for each unit based on historical cost data. This system of ascertaining costs and base the managerial decisions has lost significance due to the fact that modern companies tend to have lower truly variable costs as against a very high degree of fixed costs. Also the equipments that are being used have become more complex and specialized and they form a very significant proportion of total costs. In addition organization with a wide range of products has processes which are common to several finished items making cost allocation irrelevant or meaningless. 3.0 ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL COSTING SYSTEMS-ACTIVITY BASED COSTING SYSTEM (ABC SYSTEM) An alternative to the traditional costing systems, modern day multi process business corporations adopt the activity based costing system which has proved a real tool in the hands of the managers for making proper business decisions. The activity based costing system is a refinement of the costing system in which focus is centered on the individual activities as the fundamental cost objectives. An activity in an organization may take the form of an event, task or unit of work with a specified purpose. To illustrate; the design activity, set up activity, manufacturing operations, shipping activity, distribution activity and administrative activity can form the basic key costing elements for the refinement of the costing system and thereby to arrive at the proper cost of a particular unit or service. ABC system aims at calculating the costs of the individual activities and assign costs to cost objects such as products or services on the basis of the activities undertaken to produce each product or service. 3.1 FEATURES OF ABC SYSTEM OF COSTING Fundamentally there are three distinct features of the activity based costing system: They are: 1. ABC system works by creating smaller cost pools linked to different activities. Traditionally organizations used to have single overhead cost pool related to several cost pools. 2. For each activity-cost pool ABC system aims to measure the activity performed and have this as the base. 3. In some cases costs in a cost pool can be identified and traced back to a particular Product or department or service and such kind of direct tracing of costs improve the cost accuracy as no assumptions are made to allocate the common costs. The logic behind the working of the ABC system of costing is that the more we create finely structured activity-cost pools, greater is the

The Importance Of Photosynthesis

The Importance Of Photosynthesis To understand the importance of photosynthesis, research is conducted to help determine which wavelength of light and light intensity the chloroplast would generate the fastest photosynthetic reaction rate of photosynthesis. In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast. The chloroplast absorbs the light energy to convert to chemical energy such as ATP AND NADPH. Photosynthesis is the process of converting carbon dioxide to organic compounds, such as simple sugar, using the energy from sunlight (Smith, A.L.). The chemical reaction equation of photosynthesis is as followed: 6 C02 + 6 H20 + Light Energy → C6H1206 + 6 02 There are a number of limiting factors on the rate of reaction for photosynthesis. However, the purpose for this lab experiment is to measure the light intensity and the wavelength. Light is a form of energy known as electromagnetic energy, also called the electromagnetic radiation (Campbell 190).The most important segment of the visible light is the narrow band range from 380 nm to 750 nm (Campbell 190). Pigments are substance that absorbs the visible light; however, it may be also reflected or transmitted. Different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths (Campbell 190). Light emits a wavelength, the distance between the crest of electromagnetic waves, is inversely related to the amount of the energy: the shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy of each photon of that light (Campbell 190). Chloroplast contains pigment chlorophyll that absorbs the light energy from the sunlight and drive synthesis of organic molecules (Campbell 186). In addition, plants also use other p igment, such as carotenes and xanthophyll, to absorb different wavelength of the light. Chlorophyll absorbs violent-blue and red light while transmitting and reflecting green light, which gives leaf its color. Violent-blue and red light are the most effective color of the light spectrum to conduct photosynthesis, whereas green light is the least effective color (Campbell 192). Photosynthesis starts when the chlorophyll molecules are excited by the absorption of light. The chlorophyll molecules are organized along with other small organic molecules and proteins into photosystem (Campbell 193). The photosystem are composed of a protein complex called a reaction-center complex that is surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes, which contain various pigments that are embedded to the protein. In Photosystem II, light travels through the chloroplast and strikes a pigment molecule in the light harvesting complex. This excites the electron to a higher energy level and fall back down to ground state. As the electron falls back down to its ground state, it stimulate a nearby pigment until this process reaches the reaction center called the P680, a pair of chlorophyll ÃŽ ± molecules in the Photosystem II reaction -center complex. The electron is then transfer to the primary electron-acceptor. As the P680 loses its electron, it is replace by the enzyme catalyze s the splitting of water molecules into two hydrogen ions and  ½ of oxygen in the thylakoids space. The oxygen atom immediately combines with another oxygen atom, forming O2, which was generated from the splitting of another water molecule. The excited electron from the primary electron-acceptor in PS II passes through the electron transport chain to the chlorophyll ÃŽ ± molecules, which is called P700, located in PS I. In the meantime, light energy travels through the light harvesting complex into the P700, which excited the electron, transferring the electron to PS I primary electron-acceptor. These electrons are passed on through electron acceptors that donate the electron to NADP+. The energy release drive the transfer of electron in an oxidation-reduction mechanism in which NADP+ is reduced to NADPH. Involving a redox reaction, oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, whereas reduction is the addition of electrons to a substance. The excess of energy from the oxid ation-reduction process provides energy for the synthesis of ATP, which generates a proton gradient across the chloroplast membrane that is used in chemiosmosis. Overall, the light reactions are steps of photosynthesis to convert light energy to chemical energy, such as ATP and NADPH, in order to produce pieces of sugar in the Calvin cycle. In this study, we first separate and identify pigments within plants cells by a process called chromatography. We will also study how several factors quantitatively affect the rate of photosynthesis. The factor that was tested includes the light intensity and wavelength. Thus, we can determine the effectiveness of the different pigments to absorb light to different wavelength and light intensities. The hypotheses are formed as follows: H1: Violent-blue and red light would have a faster photosynthetic rate compared to green light. H2: Light intensity is directly correlated with rate of photosynthesis. H3: Carbon dioxide is directly proportional to the amount of carbon present in the atmosphere. Materials and methods Chromatography is to separate and identify pigment within the plant cell which spinach leaves was use to conduct this experiment. Using a paper chromatography of 14 cm wide by 16cm tall, a pencil line of 2 cm is drawn from the bottom edge of the paper. Then apply the plant extract along the line to within 1 cm of each edge. Allowing the extract to dry each time, this process is repeated 10 times or more to ensure the pigment are on the chromatography. The paper chromatography is stapled into a cylinder at the bare edges and place into chromatography jar that contain a 15 ml solvent of petroleum ether-acetone. The chromatography jar is set under a vented-hood with the jar covered. This will allow the atmosphere inside to be saturated with the solvent. The solvent will move up the paper chromatography and carry the pigments along. Each pigment will move at different rate along the paper. The discrete pigment band will be formed from the front, which is the leading edge of the solvent, to the origin where the pigments were added to the paper. To determine the distance of each discrete pigment band, Rf ratio is used. The Rf is the ratio of the distance a band travels to the distance the front traveled (lab manual). The Rf equation is as follow: After the pigments are separated, each band will be pooled with other group and eluted into 10 cc of acetone. The unknown pigments from the each band are placed in a cuvette and place in a spectrophotometer. Four cuvettes were obtained and label as band 1, 2, 3, and 4. A spectrophotometer is used to measure the percent of each wavelength of light absorbed by the pigment (Campbell 190). Each band is measure at specific wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 680 nm. Thus, each of the bands is identify according to its pigment by comparing its wavelength to the known standard wavelength. To determine at which wavelength of light and at which light intensity the chloroplast would generate the fastest photosynthetic reaction rate of photosynthesis, the floating leaf disk assay is use for this experiment. The wavelength of red, green, and blue light is test to determine the rate of photosynthesis. In addition, the effect of light intensity is determined by the distance of light (white) from the leaves. For each trail, a 0.2% of 300 ml sodium bicarbonate solution (baking soda) is use as an alternate dissolved source of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis by using 1/8 of a teaspoon of baking in a 300 ml of water (lab manual). Then a hole-punch is use to cut out 10 or more uniform leaf disks (avoid major veins). The air space of the leaf disks is infiltrates with the sodium bicarbonate solution, which the solution will cause the leaf disk to sink due to its increase in density. Infiltration of the leaf disks with sodium bicarbonate is as followed: Remove the plunger and place the leaf disk into the syringe barrel. Replace the plunger and slowly push air out while being careful not to crush the leaf. With a small volume of sodium bicarbonate solution into the syringe. Tap syringe to suspend the leaf disks in the solution. While holding a finger over the syringe opening, draw back the plunger to create a vacuum for 10 seconds. In addition, swirl the leaf disks to suspend them in the solution. This procedure may be repeated 2-3 times in order to get the leaf disk to sink. After the leaf disks sink, pour the disk and the solution into a clear cup or beaker. A constant volume of bicarbonate solution is added and should be the same depth for each trail. Place the cup or beaker under the light source and start the timer. Each minute is to record the number of floating disk. In addition, dislodge any disks stuck against the sides of the cup by swirling the disks. Continue until all of the leaf disks are floating. In addition, the presence of CO2 is measured.

The Manhattan Project Essay -- physics nuclear atom atomic

Before the Manhattan Project, in the beginning there were many advancements in understanding made in the world of physics. These resulted in the recognition of nuclear fission and its potential as an energy source and as a potential weapon. Of these advancements none was more central and important than the development of the nuclear model of the atom, which by the year of 1932 contained a nucleus containing most of the mass of an atom in the form of two particles, protons and neutrons. This nucleus was surrounded by an electron shell. Previously it was thought that atoms were the smallest form of matter therefore ultimately stable and indivisible. However, in 1919 Ernest Rutherford was able to break apart the nucleus of nitrogen with alpha particles from a radioactive source. Following these discoveries research in the area of nuclear fission took off as scientists and physicists around the world were bombarding atoms with alpha particles. Consequently rapidly advancing knowledge on the subject. In 1933 Hungarian physicists Leo Szilard proposed that if an atom split and released more neutrons than it required to split it that an expanding nuclear chain reaction could be the result. After some experimentation, he discovered that on average the fission of uranium resulted in the release of two or more neutrons. At the time he kept this secret, as it was a real possibility that this information could be used by fascist governments as a weapon with massive destructive potential. Many governments quickly realized the potential for producing energy or military weapons with the harnessing of nuclear fission. During this same time though numerous political change was occurring throughout the world. Notably in 1933 Adolf Hitler ... ...m bomb. The plutonium bomb reached critical mass through an implosion-style detonation. With this method a sphere of plutonium is surrounded by explosives, which compress the inner sphere of plutonium to critical mass. The bomb dropped on Nagasaki and the famous Trinity test were all conducted using this type of bomb. Bibliography Hoddeson, Lillian, et al. Critical Assembly. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Hevly, Bruce, and John M. Findlay. The Atomic West. New York: University of Washington Press, 1998. Hughes, Jeff. The Manhattan Project. Ed. Jon Turney. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Walker, Gregory. The Nuclear Weapon Archive. 13 Mar. 1999. 26 Mar. 2007 . "The Manhattan Project." Atomic Archive. 31 Dec. 2006. 26 Mar. 2007 .

Specialists Create Market Efficiency :: essays papers

Specialists Create Market Efficiency The NYSE should not abolish specialists. Both the NYSE and NASDAQ, however, need to realize that their relative trading volumes will continue to deteriorate as ECN's become more and more popular. The need for secondary and third markets will be diminished, however they still offer liquidity, so in some shape or form they will always be fashionable to certain types of investors. The current system established within NYSE is very old and outdated. For any single trade, a number of players must be involved. First, an investor places a buy or sell order to a broker. The brokerage firm then contacts its commission broker, who is actually on the floor, to consummate the order. In this rigid and time consuming system, the specialist plays a major part in any trade. Any buying or selling in a particular stock takes place at the specialists post. A computer monitor shows all bid and ask prices for a stock in addition to the number of shares they are willing to buy or sell at the given bid ask price. Basically, Specialists execute the trades of other brokers, but they can also buy or sell shares for their own portfolios. When no other broker can be found to take the other end of a trade, the specialist must take the end of the trade where no one else can be found to do so. This is done to create liquidity, and is one of the biggest benefits to this system. Also, t his type of trading creates an auction market, where buyers and sellers are together in one location, and the best buy or sell orders win trades. They also act as a dealer when they have to execute a trade when there isn't a buyer or seller available using their own inventory. Again, this is meant to facilitate liquidity. NYSE stocks, until recently, couldn't trade certain NYSE stocks outside of a formal stock exchange, however the NYSE has since abolished this rule. This has created a small trading volume of NYSE stocks over ECN's. The current system on NASDAQ and most other OTC's incorporates dealers, who offer bid and ask prices to brokers who execute trades based on a listing of the current quotes from dealers. Although this is a very liquid market, dealers typically take a spread from the bid/ask price in exchange for the risk that they incur for holding the security.

La Belle Sans Merci: A Ballad

Keats belonged to the genre of the Romantics. He penned the poem ‘La Belle Sans Merci’ in the year 1819. Being a Nature poet, a tinge of pathos and the delightful re-creative power of Mother Nature weave through all his poems. John Keats seems to have experimented for the first time with the Ballad form of poem and this explains the reason of the Leigh Hunt, in 1819 to publish the poem with slight modifications (Friedlander, 2005), though the original seems to have an irresistible appeal to many readers.This essay shall retain the original version for the purpose of analyses, and try to explore the different dimensions of literary aspects like the ‘ballad’, alliterations, metaphors similes, characterizations; and finally, the beauty of the ballad which the poet has tried to paint. The Theme: Is about an unknown person, assumed to be the poet, meets a knight, who is almost in his death- bed.The pitiable condition of the knight who was â€Å"alone and palely loitering† (line 2) makes the poet wonder as to what may have made the knight to â€Å"ail† (line 1) so badly, that he looked â€Å"haggard and woebegone†, â€Å"pale† as a lily and the healthy â€Å"rose† (line 11) color in his cheeks fast fading. The knight then narrates his sad tale of pleasure and pain, as though in half dream to the poet. In the ‘Meadows† there, the Knight meets with an attractive young women†, whom he addresses as â€Å"Full beautiful – a faery's child, Her hair was long, her foot was light, (line14-16).To the reader, it seems as if the â€Å"Belle† with her â€Å"long hair and wild eyes† bewitches him; though she seems to reciprocate his fascination too, with her â€Å"looked at me as she did love, And made sweet moan† (lines 19-20). The knight seats her on top of his horse and walks by her side and they go to her â€Å"elfin grot† (line 29) – grotto, she sings and declares her love for him â€Å"sure in language strange she said – I love thee true† (line 27-28). His (the knight’s) desire for her is so complete and deep that he â€Å"kisses† her â€Å"wild eyes shut† even though he is unsure of her language and they put each other to sleep.The dream in the sleep seems to be a warning, to the knight. Though the knight elucidates his dream, he makes it clear that he longs for her; despite the premonition in his dreams, in which the likes of kings and princes warn him that she was an imposter of death, â€Å"They cried – ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci’ Hath thee in thrall! †(34-35). Furthermore, even in his dream the condition of the others who have been the victims of her wily responses, shock the knight. Indeed the Knight seems to wake from his dream only to find that his â€Å"Belle Dame† gone and she probably never was, a reality.A similar idea is portrayed by the poet in his poe m â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† too, in the last two lines wherein the poet says Was it a vision or a waking dream? Fled is that music; – do I wake or sleep? (John Keats) Literary Analyses: The poetic form used here is the â€Å"Ballad† – is a small narrative poem, that sings of dramatic actions or legends of love, death, betrayal, courage or all the above, just as here it is the fatal love that the knight and all her predecessors felt for the unearthly woman.Two distinctive features of a ballad – the incremental repetition and stanza, mark this poem. ‘Incremental repetition’ is the occurrence of one or more lines again and again, with minor changes simultaneously advancing the story; ex. the first two line of this poem: â€Å"O WHAT can ail thee, knight-at-arms, Alone and palely loitering? † occur repeatedly in the second and the last stanzas, respectively. The ballad stanza is generally of four lines. The first alternate lines c ontain four accents, the second alternate – usually the second and fourth lines contain three accents.Keats being a Nature poet has utilized skillfully the art of rhyme and repetition, to impress upon the reader the mood and the darkness of the setting; for example in the second stanza, second line, the words â€Å"So haggard and so woe-begone? † and (line 17) in the fifth stanza, â€Å"a garland for her head,† etc. The musical quality of the ballad is enhanced by the fact that Keats deploys the similar rhyme-endings in the second alternate lines that is the second line and the last line.For example, in Stanza VI of the poem, the second and the last line rhyme thus: â€Å"And nothing else saw all day long, †¦.. A faery’s song† (lines 22-24). As regards the charaterization part of it, there are three principle characters in the poem; one is the poet or the anonymous speaker who during the course of his â€Å"sojourn†, comes to the place wherein he meets the knight who is quite restless. The poet’s wonderment at the once-active knight and his account of the lady or the â€Å"Belle Dame† is well documented.The second character is that of the knight himself and his narration starts form the fourth stanza onwards. His amazement at the sudden appearance of the woman, her eyes, her incomprehensible language, and his craving for the woman, despite the negative connotation of the dream all carry elements of an intrigue to the reader. The third character is the woman, and she is a sort of mythical. Keats seems to put a question mark in the minds of the reader with this subtle references to the ‘elf’’ and the â€Å"faery’s child† etc.And he loved her, kidded her, knowing fully well that there is a strange and undiscovered part in her. In fact, it seems as if the poet enjoys her unearthly trait, and also knowing that it was temporary. There is the inherent and subtle reference t o Nature in lines like these: â€Å"The squirrel’s granary is full, And the harvest’s done. I see a lily on thy brow, with anguish moist and fever dew† (lines 7-10). Here, the use of metaphor â€Å"lily on thy brow† is to be noted. The lily is always associated with paleness.In line 11, â€Å"And on thy cheeks a fading rose† fading rose stands for draining away of color from the cheeks. Conclusion: Keats has used various means effectively and skillfully to bring out the elements of mystery and beauty in this ballad. It is said that just before the creation of this poem Keats read Spencer’s account of Florimel, who is an enchantress that disappears (Friedlander, 2005). But, this elfin beauty is an unique creation Keats and bewitches the reader in a very different and alluring manner.